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Clinical Trials Targeting Aging

The reviewers focused on caloric restriction, NAD+, senolytics, and related topics.

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A miniature review of clinical trials targeting aging was published in Frontiers in Aging by Dr. Morten Scheibye-Knudsen and colleagues [1]. This review specifically focuses on interventions that have shown strong clinical evidence that they impact aging.

Caloric restriction

We have previously discussed the effects of caloric restriction (CR) in reducing immunosenescence, improving DNA repair, and improving stem cell function in animal and cell studies. A couple of human studies have shown that CR reduces blood pressure, blood glucose levels, body weight, and resting metabolic rate [2,3]. Additionally, the Washington University CALERIE trial, a one-year study of 48 middle-aged overweight individuals, showed that caloric restriction improved insulin sensitivity and decreased fasting insulin; however, inflammation was not changed, as indicated by stable TNFa during caloric restriction [4]. In this same study, the CR group also had reduced levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. The review goes on to express other positive effects that caloric restriction has on metabolism and decreased inflammation.

Caloric restriction has also been shown to decrease unfavorable blood lipids and increase favorable lipids, reduce blood pressure and a decrease in C-reactive protein, an inflammation marker [5,6]. One study that further explored inflammation showed that specific inflammation markers were only impacted when IL-6 changes were significant [7].

Adiponectin, an important regulator of metabolism, was significantly increased in one study. Additionally, resting metabolic rate was decreased in all intervention groups but not in the control group [8]. Additional studies showed a 6% greater decrease in metabolic rate in CR invention groups compared to controls [3,9]. Regardless of the glycemic load of the CR diet, similar changes were seen in biomarkers of oxidative stress [10].

A recent trial showed that caloric restriction impacted healthspan but not the pace of aging [11]. The authors of this review mention that though results are promising within clinical settings, the evidence to show that these interventions work outside such settings is weak.

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NAD+ supplements

We have previously published an article about NAD and its role in metabolism. Research suggests that NAD+ decreases with age and may be due to age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction [12]. NAD+ levels can be increased by consuming the biochemical precursors nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) [13]. Murine research has shown that these precursors improve physiological parameters and extend life [14,15].

A study in aged adult humans has shown that a combination of 250 mg and/or 500 mg NR and 50 mg and/or 100 mg pterostilbene increased blood NAD+ levels in the intervention groups in a dose-dependent manner. These supplements also improved liver enzyme biomarkers and decreased blood pressure; however, it could not be determined if it was pterostilbene, NR, or both that caused these benefits [16]. However, a study using 1000 and 200 mg doses of this combination, given two weeks prior to the injury, did not result in improved muscle injury recovery [17].

A 30-person study that examined kidney function, lipid profile, liver enzymes, hematology, and other biomarkers showed no difference between NR supplementation and placebo at 1000 mg for six weeks [18]. In a 12-person study, similar results were found in a 21-day trial [19]. This study also examined venous blood, urine, and skeletal muscle, showing significantly increased NAD+ levels, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD), and NMN. This mini review goes on to explain other studies that show positive and negative results regarding NR.

A human study in 2018 showed no significant improvments in insulin sensitivity or other health parameters measured in a 12-week study of 2000 mg NR per day in 40 obese, insulin-resistant, sedentary men [20]. 1000 mg/day NR for 12 weeks also produced no significant changes in insulin resistance [21].

The authors note that research on the dosage of NAD+ increasing molecules in human studies is still in its early stages. They recommend longer and larger trials to further investigate the potential benefits of NAD+ increasing therapeutics.

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Senolytics 

Cellular senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging. A study in 14 patients with fibrosis showed improved physical benefits from dasatinib and quercetin in 6-minute walking distance, 4-minute gait speed and chair-stand time. However, they did not observe changes in pulmonary function, biomarkers, reported health, and frailty [22]. A study on 11 people with diabetes and kidney dysfunction showed that dasatinib and quercetin resulted in a significant decrease in senescent cell burden in adipose tissue along with senescence markers [23].

A recent trial of senolytics for knee osteoarthritis failed phase 2 trials. While the full results of these trials have not yet been published, there are many questions surrounding the trial design. The authors of this mini-review conclude this section by expressing the need for additional clinical trials involving senescence-reducing therapeutics.

Clinical trials that target mTOR

Promising data has been demonstrated that inhibiting mTOR extends lifespan in animals [24]. However, these results have not yet been reproduced in human trials that use rapamycin to inhibit mTOR [25,26]. Additionally, Dr. Mannick’s human research showed decreased infection rates and upregulated immune function in older adults [26]. A recent article shows how this work has led to industry collaboration on mTOR inhibition by mTOR analogs.

Rapamycin applied as a cream applied showed reduced skin senescence after 8 months of use [27]. Current proposed strategies to treat declining mitophagy include NAD+ supplements, activation of AMPK and/or SIRT1, and mTOR inhibition [28,29]. Urolithin A has been shown to improve in mitochondrial and muscle health [30], and we recently summarized a study showing that urolithin A affects mitochondrial and muscle in older adults. An animal study suggests that the mechanism involves mTOR inhibition [31].

Exercise and eating pattern 

In long-term cross-country skiers, endurance training was associated with reduced systemic and muscle inflammation and improved telomeres [32,33]. A study done in 34 cyclist men at a variety of ages suggests that endurance training reduces inflammation, while senescence increases with age and may be unaffected by endurance training [34].

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A different study of sleep, a plant-based diet, and exercise for 8 weeks showed a reduction of DNA methylation age by 3.32 years in 43 middle-aged and older males [35].  In a similar 2-year study with 219 females, DNA methylation was significantly decreased with a plant-based diet and exercise intervention [36]. Additionally, the authors of this review discuss how prior human data suggests that a Mediterranean diet reduces cardiovascular risk [37] by improving immune function and changing gut microbiome composition [38,39].

Conclusion

Beyond the scope of this review, the authors encouraged readers to become informed about other emerging inventions, such as senescence immunotherapy, stem cell reprogramming, nutraceutical inventions, and microbiome alterations.

In their concluding paragraph, the authors discuss the need to carefully select biomarkers in clinical trials that target aging in humans. They further go on to explain how AI can help with age and health predictions. In the meantime, the authors include this figure of proposed biomarkers to target and/or monitor in clinical trials targeting aging.

Clinical trials targeting aging
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Literature

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About the author

Tovah

Tovah has been a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) for the past 11 years in clinical, research, teaching, community, and industry roles. Her dissertation work was focused on nutritional and behavioral neuroscience approaches for chronic disease prevention. She was a writer for Lifespan.io from 2021-22 and is still an active volunteer with the org.